Reference systems for indicating slope and alignment and related devices, systems, and methods

ABSTRACT

A reference system configured in accordance with a particular embodiment includes a light-emitting device having a first light emitter, a second light emitter, and a housing. The housing includes a base operably connected to the first and second light emitters. The first light emitter is configured to emit a planar light region having a vertical orientation. The second light emitter is configured to emit an indicator light beam. A slope of the indicator light beam is adjustable to change a position of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field. The system further includes a controller configured to cause the first and second light emitters to rotate in concert relative to the base about a vertical axis so as to rotationally reposition the planar light region and the indicator light beam in response to a detected misalignment of the planar light region.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATION

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No.14/019,459 filed Sep. 5, 2013, which is incorporated herein byreference.

TECHNICAL FIELD

The present technology is related to reference systems for indicatingslope and alignment. In particular, at least some embodiments arerelated to reference systems including light emitters that project lightonto surfaces to create visible references for use in construction,surveying, and other applications.

BACKGROUND

In many construction, surveying, and other applications it can be usefulto create a visible reference that has a selected deviation fromhorizontal (i.e., “slope” or “grade”) and a selected horizontalorientation off a vertical axis (i.e., “alignment,” “line,” or“heading”). For example, in tunneling applications, individual tunnelsections are often formed with a selected slope and alignment so that anoverall run of tunnel will follow a desired course. Similarly,individual pipe sections in pipe-ramming applications are often formedwith a selected slope and alignment. During construction of a tunnel, apipe, or a similar structure, a visible reference can be used to guidecertain operations (e.g., steering a tunnel-boring machine, aiming apipe-ramming assembly, etc.) so as to maintain a selected slope andalignment. One conventional approach to creating this visible referenceincludes positioning a light emitter directly above or below a firstalignment reference point, manually adjusting the alignment of a lightbeam generated by the light emitter so that the light beam intersects asecond alignment reference point corresponding to a given alignmentrelative to the first alignment reference point, and then manuallyadjusting the slope of the light beam to a selected slope. Thereafter,the light emitter automatically maintains the light beam at the selectedslope, but operates independently of the alignment of the light beam.Based on the initial calibration, the light beam is assumed to representthe given alignment. This approach and other conventional approaches toindicating slope and alignment have certain limitations and/ordisadvantages. Accordingly, there is a need for further innovation inthis field.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

Many aspects of the present disclosure can be better understood withreference to the following drawings. The components in the drawings arenot necessarily to scale. Instead, emphasis is placed on clearlyillustrating the principles of the present technology. For ease ofreference, throughout this disclosure identical reference numbers may beused to identify identical or at least generally similar or analogouscomponents or features.

FIG. 1 is a perspective view from the top and one side illustrating alight-emitting device of a reference system configured in accordancewith an embodiment of the present technology.

FIG. 2 is a perspective view from the bottom and one side of thelight-emitting device shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 3 is a plan view of the light-emitting device shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 4 is a front profile view of the light-emitting device shown inFIG. 1.

FIG. 5 is an inverse plan view of the light-emitting device shown inFIG. 1.

FIG. 6 is a rear profile view of the light-emitting device shown in FIG.1.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view from the top and one side of an assembly ofinternal components of the light-emitting device shown in FIG. 1.

FIG. 8 is a rear profile view of the assembly shown in FIG. 7.

FIGS. 9 and 10 are plan and side profile views, respectively, of thelight-emitting device shown in FIG. 1 simultaneously emitting a planarlight region and an indicator light beam.

FIG. 11 is a profile view of the planar light region and the indicatorlight beam shown in FIGS. 9 and 10 projected onto a surface.

FIG. 12 is a plan view of a light-emitting device of a reference systemconfigured in accordance with an embodiment of the present technologysimultaneously emitting a planar light region horizontally offset froman indicator light beam.

FIGS. 13 and 14 are plan and side profile views, respectively, of alight-emitting device of a reference system configured in accordancewith an embodiment of the present technology simultaneously emitting aplanar light region and an intersecting planar light region.

FIG. 15 is a profile view of the planar light region and theintersecting planar light region shown in FIGS. 13 and 14 projected ontoa surface.

FIG. 16 is a perspective cut-away view from the top and one side of asubterranean pit in which a reference system configured in accordancewith an embodiment of the present technology is guiding installation ofpipe sections.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating a method for indicating slope andalignment in accordance with an embodiment of the present technology.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Specific details of several embodiments of the present technology aredisclosed herein with reference to FIGS. 1-17. Although the embodimentsare disclosed herein primarily with respect to tunneling andpipe-ramming applications, other applications and other embodiments inaddition to those disclosed herein are within the scope of the presenttechnology. For example, reference systems configured in accordance withat least some embodiments of the present technology can be used forbuilding layout or for positioning elevated structures (e.g., elevatedtracks or pipes) along specific courses above grade. It should be notedthat embodiments of the present technology can have differentconfigurations, components, features, or procedures than those shown ordescribed herein. Moreover, a person of ordinary skill in the art willunderstand that embodiments of the present technology can haveconfigurations, components, features, or procedures in addition to thoseshown or described herein and that these and other embodiments can bewithout several of the configurations, components, features, orprocedures shown or described herein without deviating from the presenttechnology.

Any given slope has a fixed angle relative to a level plane. Thus, areference system including a light emitter that generates a light beamat a selected slope can automatically maintain the light beam at theselected slope by automatically leveling the light emitter. In this way,many conventional reference systems are capable of reliably indicatingslope without the need for frequent monitoring or adjustment.Unfortunately, reliably indicating alignment is not as straightforward.A variety of factors can cause alignment to shift after a light emitteris initially calibrated. These factors include thermal expansion orcontraction of a mount to which a light emitter is attached, thermalexpansion or contraction of internal components of a light emitter,vibration of a light emitter, impact against a light emitter, andhandling of a light emitter, among other examples.

Uncertainty regarding the accuracy of a reference indicating slope andalignment can reduce productivity, cause costly errors, or have otherdisadvantages. For example, when this accuracy is in doubt, personnelmay find it prudent to manually recalibrate the reference just beforekey measurements are taken. In addition to being impractical, this stilldoes not assure that alignment errors will not occur, since alignmentshifts can occur after recalibration. Furthermore, manual recalibrationsmay be executed in haste, which may lead to calibration errors. In atleast some cases, calibration errors tend to be magnified over longdistances. For example, when a conventional light emitter is positionedin a subterranean pit (e.g., in a tunneling or pipe-rammingapplication), the length of the pit may limit the available distancebetween alignment reference points. Extrapolating an alignmentcalibrated using the alignment reference points to the end of a run oftunnel or pipe magnifies any calibration errors. Even a relatively smallcalibration error that may be difficult to detect at an alignmentreference point may translate into a relatively large error at the endof a run of tunnel or pipe. In a particular example, a 0.5 inchcalibration error at 50 feet near the top edge of a pit is magnified tentimes along a 500 foot run of tunnel or pipe to cause a 5 inchmisalignment at the end of the run of tunnel or pipe. This level ofinaccuracy is often unacceptable or at least highly undesirable inmodern construction applications.

Reference systems configured in accordance with at least someembodiments of the present technology can at least partially address oneor more of the problems discussed above and/or other problems associatedwith conventional technologies whether or not stated herein. Forexample, reference systems configured in accordance with at least someembodiments of the present technology can have one or more features thatreduce or eliminate inaccurate indications of alignment withoutnecessitating frequent monitoring and/or manual adjustment. In aparticular example, a reference system configured in accordance with anembodiment of the present technology includes a light-emitting deviceconfigured to communicate with a detector positioned at an alignmentreference point. A light emitter of the light-emitting device can beconfigured to emit a planar light region having a vertical orientationor a scanning light beam having a vertical scanning field. The planarlight region or the scanning light beam can interact with the detector.For example, when the planar light region or the vertical scanning fieldis shifted out of alignment (e.g., due to one of the factors discussedabove), the detector can transmit a signal to the light-emitting device(e.g., via a controller) that causes the light-emitting device toautomatically make one or more suitable adjustments to at leastpartially compensate for the shift. Accordingly, once the light-emittingdevice and the detector are initially positioned and activated, thereference system can be safely relied upon to accurately indicatealignment. This advantage and others are further discussed below withreference to FIGS. 1-17.

Selected Examples of Light-Emitting Devices

FIGS. 1 and 2 are perspective views illustrating a light-emitting device100 of a reference system configured in accordance with an embodiment ofthe present technology. FIGS. 3, 4, 5 and 6 are a plan view, a frontelevation view, an inverse plan view, and a rear elevation view,respectively, of the light-emitting device 100. With reference to FIGS.1-6 together, the light-emitting device 100 can include a housing 102and a battery compartment 104 extending rearwardly from the housing 102.An interior of the battery compartment 104 can be accessed, for example,by removing a circular cap 105 positioned at a rear surface 104 a of thebattery compartment 104. The housing 102 can include a base 106configured for attachment to a tripod (not shown) or another suitablesupport structure. For example, the base 106 can include a threadedrecess 108 configured to receive a threaded protrusion of a tripodmounting head.

Along an upper surface 104 b of the battery compartment 104, thelight-emitting device 100 can include buttons 112 (individuallyidentified 112 a-112 e) or other suitable user-interface elementsconfigured to allow a user to control certain operations of thelight-emitting device 100. In addition or alternatively, one of more ofthe buttons 112 can be configured to allow a user to control certainoperations of one or more other components of the system, such as via awireless or wired connection between the light-emitting device 100 andthe one or more other components. The light-emitting device 100 canfurther include a handle 114 extending rearwardly from a rear surface102 a of the housing 102 such that the handle 114 has a position aboveand vertically spaced apart from the battery compartment 104. Below thehandle 114 and above the battery compartment 104, the light-emittingdevice 100 can include a rearwardly facing display 116 configured toconvey settings, status indicators, and/or other information to a user.

A row of windows 118 (individually identified as 118 a-d) andintervening bridges 120 (individually identified as 120 a-c) can extendalong the rear surface 102 a of the housing 102 above the handle 114,along an upper surface 102 b of the housing 102, and along a frontsurface 102 c of the housing 102. In some embodiments, a single window118 d extends from a bridge 120 c at a corner between the upper surface102 b of the housing 102 and the front surface 102 c of the housing 102to a portion of the front surface 102 c of the housing 102 at leastproximate to the base 106. In other embodiments, the window 118 d canextend to another suitable portion of the front surface 102 c of thehousing 102. The light-emitting device 100 can further include anantenna 122 and a groove 124 configured to receive the antenna 122 whenthe antenna 122 is in a stowed state. The groove 124 can be laterallyspaced apart from and longitudinally aligned with a portion of the rowof windows 118 and intervening bridges 120 extending along the uppersurface 102 b of the housing 102. The antenna 122 can be hingedlyconnected to the housing 102 at a forwardmost portion of the groove 124.

FIG. 7 is a perspective view from the top and one side of an assembly ofinternal components of the light-emitting device 100. FIG. 8 is a rearprofile view of the assembly shown in FIG. 7. Many internal componentsof the light-emitting device 100 are not shown in FIGS. 7 and 8 forclarity of illustration. With reference to FIGS. 1-8 together, thelight-emitting device 100 can include a first light emitter 126, asecond light emitter 127, and a third light emitter 128 positionedwithin the housing 102 and operably connected to the base 106. In theillustrated embodiment, the first light emitter 126, the second lightemitter 127, and the third light emitter 128 include a first lightsource 129 (e.g., including a first laser driver operably connected toone or more first light-emitting diodes), a second light source 130(e.g., including a second laser driver operably connected to one or moresecond light-emitting diodes), and a third light source 131 (e.g.,including a third laser driver operably connected to one or more thirdlight-emitting diodes), respectively. In other embodiments, some or allof the first, second, and third light emitters 126, 127, 128 can includea shared light source, such as a shared light source including laserdriver operably connected to one or more light-emitting diodes and abeam splitter configured to receive light from the one or morelight-emitting diodes and to distribute the light to some or all of thefirst, second, and third light emitters 126, 127, 128.

The first light emitter 126 can be partially or entirely dedicated tomaintaining and/or indicating alignment. In contrast, the second lightemitter 127 can be partially or entirely dedicated to indicating slope.Accordingly, the first and second light emitters 126, 127 can beconfigured to emit light having different characteristics (e.g., withrespect to shape, intensity, and/or orientation) associated with thesedifferent purposes. In one example, the first light emitter 126 isconfigured to emit a planar light region (not shown) having a verticalorientation and the second light emitter 127 is configured to emit anindicator light beam (not shown) having an adjustable slope. Adjustingthe slope of the indicator light beam can change a position of theindicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field. In anotherexample, instead of being configured to emit a planar light region, thefirst light emitter 126 is configured to emit a scanning light beamhaving a vertical scanning field. In yet another example, the firstlight emitter 126 is configured to emit a planar light region and thesecond light emitter 127 is configured to emit an intersecting planarlight region (not shown) perpendicular to the planar light region andhaving an adjustable slope. The third light emitter 128 can beconfigured to emit a plummet light beam via the threaded recess 108. Theplummet light beam can have a vertical orientation and can be useful forpositioning the light-emitting device 100 relative to a reference (e.g.,a stake or another suitable marker) in the field. Other types andcombinations of light from the first, second, and third light emitters126, 127, 128 are also possible.

The first, second, and third light emitters 126, 127, 128 can be carriedby one or more gimbals. In the illustrated embodiment, thelight-emitting device 100 is configured to level the first, second, andthird light emitters 126, 127, 128 electronically. For example, thelight-emitting device 100 can include an x-axis leveling mechanism 132configured to rotate the first, second, and third light emitters 126,127, 128 front-to-back about an x-axis 136. Similarly, thelight-emitting device 100 can include a y-axis leveling mechanism 134configured to rotate the first, second, and third light emitters 126,127, 128 left-to-right about a y-axis 138. The x-axis leveling mechanism132 can include a first motor 140 and a first set of motion-transmittingcomponents 142 operably connected to the first motor 140. Similarly, they-axis leveling mechanism 134 can include a second motor 144 and asecond set of motion-transmitting components 146 operably connected tothe second motor 144.

The light-emitting device 100 can further include an x-axis level sensor148, a y-axis level sensor 149, and a controller 150 (shownschematically) operably associated with the x-axis leveling mechanism132, the y-axis leveling mechanism 134, the x-axis level sensor 148, andthe y-axis level sensor 149. The controller 150 can include memory 151(shown schematically) and processing circuitry 152 (shownschematically). Wires (not shown) or other suitable electricalconnectors can operably connect the controller 150 to the x-axisleveling mechanism 132, the y-axis leveling mechanism 134, the x-axislevel sensor 148, and the y-axis level sensor 149. The memory 151 canstore instructions (e.g., non-transitory instructions) that, whenexecuted by the controller 150 using the processing circuitry 152, causethe x-axis leveling mechanism 132 to level the first, second, and thirdlight emitters 126, 127, 128 based on input from the x-axis level sensor148. Similarly, the memory 151 can store instructions that, whenexecuted by the controller 150 using the processing circuitry 152, causethe y-axis leveling mechanism 134 to level the first, second, and thirdlight emitters 126, 127, 128 based on input from the y-axis level sensor149. In other embodiments, the light-emitting device 100 can beconfigured to level the first, second, and third light emitters 126,127, 128 in another suitable manner, such as by gravity.

In the illustrated embodiment, the first light emitter 126 includes areflector 153 (e.g., a pentamirror or a pentaprism) operably connectedto a reflector-rotating mechanism 154 configured to rotate the reflector153 about a horizontal axis parallel to the x-axis 136. Thereflector-rotating mechanism 154 can include a third motor 155 and athird set of motion-transmitting components 156 operably connected tothe third motor 155. The reflector 153 can be configured to receivelight from the first light source 129 and to emit the light away fromthe light-emitting device 100 via one, some, or all of the windows 118.The speed at which the reflector 153 rotates can determine whether theemitted light forms a planar light region having a vertical orientationor a scanning light beam having a vertical scanning field. In otherembodiments, the light-emitting device 100 can include a lens, a filter,or another suitable rotating or non-rotating component configured toconvert light from the first light source 129 into a planar light regionhaving a vertical orientation, a scanning light beam having a verticalscanning field, or another suitable form.

The second light emitter 127 can include a cylinder 158 defining apassage (not shown) through which light from the second light source 130can be transmitted. For example, a first end portion of the passage canbe positioned to receive light from the second light source 130. Acollimating lens (not shown) disposed within the cylinder 158 at asecond end portion of the passage opposite to the first end portion ofthe passage can be configured to convert the light from the second lightsource 130 into an indicator light beam. In at least some embodiments inwhich the second light emitter 127 is configured to emit an intersectingplanar light region, the collimating lens can be replaced with arotatable reflector or another suitable component for generating planarlight regions. The angle of at least a portion of the second lightemitter 127 can be adjustable to change the slope of an indicator lightbeam or an intersecting planar light region from the second lightemitter 127. For example, the light-emitting device 100 can include aslope-adjusting mechanism 162 configured to rotate the second lightemitter 127 about a horizontal axis parallel to the x-axis 136 to changethe slope of an indicator light beam or an intersecting planar lightregion from the second light emitter 127. The slope-adjusting mechanism162 can include a fourth motor 164 and a fourth set ofmotion-transmitting components 166 operably connected to the fourthmotor 164. In the illustrated embodiment, the fourth set ofmotion-transmitting components 166 includes a vertical lead screw 168and a yoke 170 configured to lift and lower one end of an arm 172 havingan opposite end operably connected to the cylinder 158 at leastproximate to the second end portion of the passage. In otherembodiments, the fourth set of motion-transmitting components 166 canhave another suitable configuration.

In addition to controlling automatic leveling of the first, second, andthird light emitters 126, 127, 128 via the x-axis leveling mechanism 132and the y-axis leveling mechanism 134, the controller 150 can beconfigured to control automatic alignment of the first, second, andthird light emitters 126, 127, 128. For example, the controller 150 canbe configured to receive one or more signals from a remotely positioneddetector (not shown) via the antenna 122 and to control automaticalignment of the first, second, and third light emitters 126, 127, 128based on the one or more signals. Although in the illustrated embodimentthe controller 150 is configured to receive the one or more signalswirelessly, in other embodiments, the controller 150 can be configuredto receive the one or more signals via a wired connection with thedetector. Furthermore, although in the illustrated embodiment thecontroller 150 is configured to control both automatic leveling andautomatic alignment of the first, second, and third light emitters 126,127, 128, in other embodiments the controller 150 can be configured tocontrol one of automatic leveling and automatic alignment with the otherbeing controlled in another suitable manner.

The light-emitting device 100 can include an alignment-adjustingmechanism 174 configured to rotate the first, second, and third lightemitters 126, 127, 128 in concert relative to the base 106 about avertical axis 176. In this way, the light-emitting device 100 canrotationally reposition a planar light region from the first lightemitter 126 or a vertical scanning field of a scanning light beam fromthe first light emitter 126 in concert with an indicator light beam oran intersecting planar light region from the second light emitter 127.The alignment-adjusting mechanism 174 can include a fifth motor 178 anda fifth set of motion-transmitting components 180 operably connected tothe fifth motor 178. In the illustrated embodiment, the fifth set ofmotion-transmitting components 180 includes a horizontal lead screw 182extending though a threaded passage (not shown) defined by arotationally constrained nut 184. In other embodiments, the fifth set ofmotion-transmitting components 180 can have another suitableconfiguration.

The controller 150 can be operably associated with thealignment-adjusting mechanism 174. For example, the memory 151 can storeinstructions (e.g., non-transitory instructions) that, when executed bythe controller 150 using the processing circuitry 152, cause thealignment-adjusting mechanism 174 to rotate the first, second, and thirdlight emitters 126, 127, 128 in concert relative to the base 106 aboutthe vertical axis 176 in response to the one or more signals or anabsence of the one or more signals from the detector. As furtherdiscussed below, the one or more signals or an absence of the one ormore signals can indicate a misaligned state of a planar light regionfrom the first light emitter 126 or of a vertical scanning field of ascanning light beam from the first light emitter 126. Thus, based on theone or more signals or an absence of the one or more signals, thecontroller 150 can be configured to move a planar light region from thefirst light emitter 126 or a vertical scanning field of a scanning lightbeam from the first light emitter 126 from a misaligned state toward analigned state. An indicator light beam or an intersecting planar lightregion from the second light emitter 127 can move with the planar lightregion from the first light emitter 126 or with the vertical scanningfield of the scanning light beam from the first light emitter 126 suchthat the indicator light beam or the intersecting planar light region iscorrespondingly repositioned.

The controller 150 also can be operably associated with the buttons 112and the display 116. For example, pressing the button 112 a can causethe controller 150 to open one or more switches (not shown) and therebyallow electricity from batteries (not shown) within the batterycompartment 104 to flow to the first, second, and third light emitters126, 127, 128. Pressing the button 112 e can manually change a slope ofan indicator light beam or an intersecting planar light region from thesecond light emitter 127 to a selected slope. For example, theslope-adjusting mechanism 162 can include an encoder 186 operablyconnected to the controller 150. The controller 150 can be configured tocause the display 116 to indicate a slope of the second light emitter127 based one or more signals from the encoder 186. The display 116 canbe a touchscreen that allows a user to control additional operations ofthe light-emitting device 100 and/or other components of the system.Furthermore, instead of or in addition to being positioned on thelight-emitting device 100, the buttons 112 and/or the display 116 can bepositioned on a remote control (not shown) configured to communicatewith the light-emitting device 100 via a wired or wireless connection.

Pressing the button 112 c can cause the controller 150 to switch controlof the alignment-adjusting mechanism 174 between a manual state (e.g., acalibration state) and an automatic state (e.g., a locked state). In themanual state, the controller 150 can be configured to rotate the first,second, and third light emitters 126, 127, 128 right or left via thealignment-adjusting mechanism 174 in response to pressing the button 112b or the button 112 d, respectively. Once a selected alignment isachieved, the button 112 c can be pressed to cause the controller 150 toswitch control of the alignment-adjusting mechanism 174 to the automaticstate. In the automatic state, the controller 150 can be configured toautomatically maintain the selected alignment by controlling thealignment-adjusting mechanism 174 based on the one or more signals or anabsence of the one or more signals from the detector. For example, inthe automatic state, the controller 150 can be configured to make smallor large adjustments as needed to maintain the selected alignment. Atleast some adjustments may occur relatively frequently to compensate forfactors (e.g., thermal expansion and contraction of components of thelight-emitting device 100) with relatively minor, but persistent effectson alignment. Other adjustments may occur relatively infrequently tocompensate for factors (e.g., impact against the light-emitting device100) with relatively major effects on alignment.

FIGS. 9 and 10 are plan and side profile views, respectively, of thelight-emitting device 100 simultaneously emitting a planar light region188 and an indicator light beam 189. FIG. 11 is a profile view of theplanar light region 188 and the indicator light beam 189 projected ontoa surface 190. The planar light region 188 can have a verticalorientation and the indicator light beam 189 can have an adjustableslope. For example, the indicator light beam 189 can have a radialdirection 191 away from the base 106 within a vertical adjustment field(represented by arrow 192) extending from an uppermost radial direction193 away from the base 106 to a lowermost radial direction 194 away fromthe base 106. In some embodiments, the uppermost radial direction 193has an angle within a range from about 10 degrees to about 90 degreesoff a horizontal plane and the lowermost radial direction 194 has anangle within a range from about −5 degrees to about −90 degrees off thehorizontal plane. In a particular embodiment, the uppermost radialdirection 193 has an angle of about 17 degrees off the horizontal planeand the lowermost radial direction 194 has an angle of about −6 degreesoff the horizontal plane. In other embodiments, the uppermost andlowermost radial directions 193, 194 can have other suitable positionsrelative to the horizontal plane.

The vertical adjustment field can at least partially overlap a firstvertical arc area (represented by arrow 196) extending from a firsthorizontal direction 198 away from the base 106 to an upward verticaldirection 200 away from the base 106. In some embodiments, the planarlight region 188 at least partially overlaps a second vertical arc area(represented by arrow 202) extending from a second horizontal direction204 away from the base 106 opposite to the first horizontal direction198 to the upward vertical direction 200. Similarly, when the firstlight emitter 126 is configured to emit a scanning light beam having avertical scanning field instead of the planar light region 188, thevertical scanning field can at least partially overlap the secondvertical arc area. It can be useful for the planar light region 188 or avertical scanning field to at least partially overlap the secondvertical arc area, for example, to allow the planar light region 188 orthe vertical scanning field to interact with a detector positionedbehind the light-emitting device 100 rather than in front of thelight-emitting device 100. In some cases, positioning a detector behindthe light-emitting device 100 rather than in front of the light-emittingdevice 100 can be advantageous, such as to reduce interference betweenthe detector and an operation (e.g., a tunneling operation) occurring infront of the light-emitting device 100 or when suitable mountingpositions for the detector in front of the light-emitting device 100 areless available or desirable than suitable mounting positions for thedetector behind the light-emitting device 100.

In the illustrated embodiment the planar light region 188 is within thesame plane as the indicator light beam 189 and the vertical adjustmentfield. Similarly, when the first light emitter 126 is configured to emita scanning light beam having a vertical scanning field instead of theplanar light region 188, the vertical scanning field can be within thesame plane as the indicator light beam 189 and the vertical adjustmentfield. In other embodiments, at least a portion of the planar lightregion 188 or a vertical scanning field can be circumferentially offsetrelative to the vertical adjustment field by a non-zero fixed anglewithin a horizontal plane. For example, FIG. 12 is a plan view of alight-emitting device 206 in which the row of windows 118 andintervening bridges 120 and internal components associated with emittingthe planar light region 188 are rotated 90 degrees about the verticalaxis 176 relative to their positions in the light-emitting device 100.Similar to the advantages discussed above with reference to FIGS. 9 and10 regarding overlapping the second vertical arc area, horizontallyoffsetting the planar light region 188 or a vertical scanning fieldrelative to the vertical adjustment field can be advantageous, such asto reduce interference between the detector and an operation (e.g., atunneling operation) occurring in front of the light-emitting device 206or when suitable mounting positions for the detector in front of thelight-emitting device 206 are less available or desirable than suitablemounting positions to the side of the light-emitting device 206 orotherwise horizontally offset from being directly in front of thelight-emitting device 206.

Instead emitting an indicator light beam having an adjustable slope,light-emitting devices of reference systems configured in according withsome embodiments of the present technology can emit a planar lightregion (not shown) that has an adjustable slope and intersects avertical planar light region. For example, FIGS. 13 and 14 are plan andside profile views, respectively, of a light-emitting device 208 of areference system configured in accordance with an embodiment of thepresent technology simultaneously emitting a vertical planar lightregion 210 and an intersecting planar light region 212. Similar to theindicator light beam 189 shown in FIGS. 9-11, the intersecting planarlight region 212 can have a planar radial direction 213 away from thebase 106 within the vertical adjustment field (represented by arrow 192)extending from an uppermost planar radial direction 214 away from thebase 106 to a lowermost planar radial direction 216 away from the base106. The angles of the uppermost and lowermost planar radial directions214, 216 relative to the first horizontal direction 198 can correspondto those of the uppermost and lowermost radial directions 193, 194,respectively.

The planar light region 188 shown in FIGS. 9-11 can be visible orinvisible to the naked eye. For example, the planar light region 188 canbe intense enough to be detected by a detector, but not intense enoughto be visibly located. When a planar light region is only used formaintaining alignment, there is typically no need for it to be visible.For example, a dot, crosshair, or other discrete projection (not shown)of the indicator light beam 189 onto a surface (not shown) can visiblyindicate a selected slope at a selected alignment. In contrast, withreference again to FIGS. 13 and 14, the vertical planar light region 210can be used to visibly indicate alignment and used in conjunction withthe intersecting planar light region 212 to visibly indicate slope. Thevertical planar light region 210 shown in FIG. 14 extends over a smallerarc than does the planar light region 188 shown in FIG. 10. In somecases, reducing the arc of the vertical planar light region 210 canenhance visibility by allowing for greater light output over a smallerspace.

FIG. 15 is a profile view of a first line 218 corresponding to thevertical planar light region 210 and a second line 220 corresponding tothe intersecting planar light region 212 projected onto a surface 222.During use, the first line 218 can visibly indicate a selectedalignment, the second line 220 can visibly indicate a selected slope,and an intersection 224 of the first and second lines 218, 220 canindicate the selected slope at the selected alignment. Indicating aselected slope and a selected alignment in this way can be useful, forexample, when a vertical line, a horizontal line, or both at theselected slope and alignment are needed as a visible reference forpositioning a piece of equipment or for another suitable aspect of anoperation occurring at the selected slope and alignment.

Although the second line 220 is shown as a level line in FIG. 15, inother embodiments, the second line 220 can be non-level. For example,the intersecting planar light region 212 can have an adjustable slope intwo perpendicular planes. In this way, the intersecting planar lightregion 212 can visibly or invisibly indicate a compound slope. When theintersecting planar light region 212 is used to indicate a compoundslope, the accuracy of the entire plane may depend on the alignment ofthe light-emitting device 206. The vertical planar light region 210,another visible or invisible vertical planar light region, or a scanninglight beam having a vertical scanning field can be emitted from thelight-emitting device 206 to maintain this alignment. Planar lightregions indicating compound slopes can be useful, for example, inearthwork applications calling for complex topography, among otherexamples.

FIG. 16 is a perspective cut-away view from the top and one side of asubterranean pit 226 in which a reference system 228 configured inaccordance with an embodiment of the present technology is guidinginstallation of pipe sections 230 using a pipe-ramming assembly 231. Thereference system 228 includes the light-emitting device 100 and adetector 232 attached to a mount 234 positioned at an upper rim 236 ofthe subterranean pit 226. After setup, the detector 232 can receive theplanar light region 188 and to detect its presence and/or position(e.g., via optical transducers positioned behind a detection window).When the detected presence and/or position of the planar light region188 is accurate and does not change, the detector 232 can be configuredto transmit (e.g., wirelessly transmit) one or more signals indicatingan aligned state of the planar light region 188. When the detectedpresence and/or position of the planar light region 188 changes, thedetector 232 can be configured to stop transmitting the one or moresignals so as to indicate a misaligned state of the planar light region188. Alternatively, when the detected presence and/or position of theplanar light region 188 changes, the detector 232 can be configured tostart transmitting one or more signals so as to indicate a misalignedstate of the planar light region 188 and when the detected presenceand/or position of the planar light region 188 is accurate and does notchange, the detector 232 can be configured to stop transmitting the oneor more signals so as to indicate a misaligned state of the planar lightregion 188. In some embodiments, the detector 232 is configured to emitone or more signals indicating a direction of misalignment of the planarlight region 188, such as a shift to the left or a shift to the right.In other embodiments, the detector 232 can be configured to only emitone or more signals that do not indicate a direction of misalignment ofthe planar light region 188.

The light-emitting device 100 can be configured to receive one or moresignals from the detector 232 and to adjust the position of the planarlight region 188 accordingly. For example, the controller 150 shown inFIGS. 7 and 8 can be operably connected to the detector 232 via a wiredor wireless connection and the memory 151 of the controller 150 canstore instructions that, when executed by the controller 150 using theprocessing circuitry 152 of the controller 150, cause thealignment-adjusting mechanism 174 to rotationally reposition the planarlight region 188 so as to move the planar light region 188 from themisaligned state toward an aligned state. When the detector 232 emitsone or more signals indicating a misaligned state of the planar lightregion 188 without indicating a direction of the misalignment, thelight-emitting device 100 can be configured to dither or otherwisesuitably rotationally reposition the planar light region 188 until thedetector 232 stops emitting the one or more signals and/or startsemitting one or more signals indicating an aligned state of the planarlight region 188. As another example, when the detector 232 emits one ormore signals indicating a misaligned state of the planar light region188 without indicating a direction of the misalignment, thelight-emitting device 100 can be configured to purposefully rotationallyreposition of the planar light region 188 until the detector 232 stopsemitting the one or more signals and/or starts emitting one or moresignals indicating an aligned state of the planar light region 188.Although the planar light region 188 is shown in FIG. 16, the same orsimilar functionality can alternatively be achieved with a scanninglight beam having a vertical scanning field.

FIG. 17 is a flow chart illustrating a method 238 for indicating slopeand alignment in accordance with an embodiment of the presenttechnology. With reference to FIGS. 9-11 and 14-17 together, the method238 can include emitting the planar light region 188, 210 or a scanninglight beam using the first light emitter 126 (block 240). The method 238can further include adjusting an alignment of the planar light region188, 210 or of a vertical scanning field of the vertical scanning beamto move the planar light region 188, 210 or the vertical scanning field,respectively, to an aligned state (block 242). The method 238 canfurther include emitting the indicator light beam 189 or theintersecting planar light region 212 using the second light emitter 127(block 244). The method 238 can further include adjusting a slope of theindicator light beam 189 or of the intersecting planar light region 212to move the indicator light beam 189 or the intersecting planar lightregion 212, respectively, to a selected slope (block 246). The method238 can further include projecting a dot corresponding to the indicatorlight beam 189 or projecting a line corresponding to the intersectingplanar light region 212 onto a surface (e.g., a working surface or thesurface of a field receiver) to indicate the selected alignment and theselected slope (block 248).

The method 238 can further include detecting a misaligned state of theplanar light region 188, 210 or of the vertical scanning field using thedetector 232 after the planar light region 188 or the vertical scanningfield moves to the aligned state (block 250). The method 238 can furtherinclude automatically rotationally repositioning the planar light region188, 210 or the vertical scanning field about the vertical axis 176after detecting the misaligned state (block 252). When the indicatorlight beam 189 is used to indicate the selected slope and alignment, theindicator light beam 189 can be automatically rotationally repositionedin concert (e.g., equal in degree, direction, and time, equal in degreeand direction, or coordinated in another suitable manner) with theplanar light region 188, 210. When the intersection 224 of the planarlight region 188, 210 and the intersecting planar light region 212 isused to indicate the selected slope and alignment, the intersectingplanar light region 212 may be automatically rotationally repositionedin concert with the planar light region 188, 210 or may remainstationary. The method 238 can further include detecting a return of theplanar light region 188, 210 or vertical scanning field to the alignedstate (block 254). The method 238 can further include automaticallyceasing the rotational repositioning after detecting the return of theplanar light region 188, 210 or of the vertical scanning field to thealigned state (block 256). The method 238 can also include othersuitable operations. As an example, the method 238 can includeautomatically leveling the first and second light emitters 126, 127.

Conclusion

This disclosure is not intended to be exhaustive or to limit the presenttechnology to the precise forms disclosed herein. Although specificembodiments are disclosed herein for illustrative purposes, variousequivalent modifications are possible without deviating from the presenttechnology, as those of ordinary skill in the relevant art willrecognize. In some cases, well-known structures and functions have notbeen shown or described in detail to avoid unnecessarily obscuring thedescription of the embodiments of the present technology. Although stepsof methods may be presented herein in a particular order, in alternativeembodiments the steps may have another suitable order. Similarly,certain aspects of the present technology disclosed in the context ofparticular embodiments can be combined or eliminated in otherembodiments. Furthermore, while advantages associated with certainembodiments may have been disclosed in the context of those embodiments,other embodiments can also exhibit such advantages, and not allembodiments need necessarily exhibit such advantages or other advantagesdisclosed herein to fall within the scope of the present technology.Accordingly, this disclosure and associated technology can encompassother embodiments not expressly shown or described herein.

Certain aspects of the present technology may take the form ofcomputer-executable instructions, including routines executed by acontroller or other data processor. In at least some embodiments, acontroller or other data processor is specifically programmed,configured, and/or constructed to perform one or more of thesecomputer-executable instructions. Furthermore, some aspects of thepresent technology may take the form of data (e.g., non-transitory data)stored or distributed on computer-readable media, including magnetic oroptically readable and/or removable computer discs as well as mediadistributed electronically over networks. Accordingly, data structuresand transmissions of data particular to aspects of the presenttechnology are encompassed within the scope of the present technology.The present technology also encompasses methods of both programmingcomputer-readable media to perform particular steps and executing thesteps.

The methods disclosed herein include and encompass, in addition tomethods of practicing the present technology (e.g., methods of makingand using the disclosed devices and systems), methods of instructingothers to practice the present technology. For example, a method inaccordance with a particular embodiment includes emitting a planar lightregion from a light-emitting device, adjusting an alignment of theplanar light region to move the planar light region to an aligned state,emitting an indicator light beam from the light-emitting device,adjusting a slope of the indicator light beam to move the indicatorlight beam to a selected slope, detecting a misaligned state of theplanar light region using a detector after the planar light region movesto the aligned state, automatically rotationally repositioning theplanar light region in concert with the indicator light beam about avertical axis after detecting the misaligned state, detecting a returnof the planar light region to the aligned state, and automaticallyceasing the rotational repositioning after detecting the return of theplanar light region to the aligned state. A method in accordance withanother embodiment includes instructing such a method.

Throughout this disclosure, the singular terms “a,” “an,” and “the”include plural referents unless the context clearly indicates otherwise.Similarly, unless the word “or” is expressly limited to mean only asingle item exclusive from the other items in reference to a list of twoor more items, then the use of “or” in such a list is to be interpretedas including (a) any single item in the list, (b) all of the items inthe list, or (c) any combination of the items in the list. Additionally,the terms “comprising” and the like are used throughout this disclosureto mean including at least the recited feature(s) such that any greaternumber of the same feature(s) and/or one or more additional types offeatures are not precluded. Directional terms, such as “upper,” “lower,”“front,” “back,” “vertical,” and “horizontal,” may be used herein toexpress and clarify the relationship between various elements. It shouldbe understood that such terms do not denote absolute orientation.Reference herein to “one embodiment,” “an embodiment,” or similarformulations means that a particular feature, structure, operation, orcharacteristic described in connection with the embodiment can beincluded in at least one embodiment of the present technology. Thus, theappearances of such phrases or formulations herein are not necessarilyall referring to the same embodiment. Furthermore, various particularfeatures, structures, operations, or characteristics may be combined inany suitable manner in one or more embodiments.

1-15. (canceled)
 16. A method, comprising: emitting a planar light region from a light-emitting device, the planar light region having a vertical orientation; adjusting an alignment of the planar light region to move the planar light region to an aligned state; emitting an indicator light beam from the light-emitting device; adjusting a slope of the indicator light beam to move the indicator light beam to a selected slope; detecting a misaligned state of the planar light region using a detector after the planar light region moves to the aligned state; automatically rotationally repositioning the planar light region in concert with the indicator light beam about a vertical axis after detecting the misaligned state; detecting a return of the planar light region to the aligned state; and automatically ceasing the rotational repositioning after detecting the return of the planar light region to the aligned state.
 17. The method of claim 16 wherein: emitting the planar light region includes emitting the planar light region using a first light emitter of the light-emitting device; emitting the indicator light beam includes emitting the indicator light beam using a second light emitter of the light-emitting device, the first and second light emitters being operably connected to a base of a housing of the light-emitting device; and the method further comprises automatically leveling the first and second light emitters.
 18. A method, comprising: emitting a scanning light beam from a light-emitting device, the scanning light beam having a vertical scanning field; adjusting an alignment of the vertical scanning field to move the vertical scanning field to an aligned state; emitting an indicator light beam from the light-emitting device; adjusting a slope of the indicator light beam to move the indicator light beam to a selected slope; detecting a misaligned state of the vertical scanning field using a detector after the vertical scanning field moves to the aligned state; automatically rotationally repositioning the vertical scanning field in concert with the indicator light beam about a vertical axis after detecting the misaligned state; detecting a return of the vertical scanning field to the aligned state; and automatically ceasing the rotational repositioning after detecting the return of the vertical scanning field to the aligned state.
 19. The method of claim 18 wherein: emitting the vertical scanning field includes emitting the vertical scanning field using a first light emitter of the light-emitting device; emitting the indicator light beam includes emitting the indicator light beam using a second light emitter of the light-emitting device, the first and second light emitters being operably connected to a base of a housing of the light-emitting device; and the method further comprises automatically leveling the first and second light emitters.
 20. A method, comprising: emitting a planar light region having a vertical orientation from a light-emitting device; adjusting an alignment of the planar light region to move the planar light region to a selected alignment; emitting an intersecting planar light region from the light-emitting device; adjusting a slope of the intersecting planar light region to move the intersecting planar light region to a selected slope; projecting an intersection of the planar light region and the intersecting planar light region onto a surface to indicate the selected alignment and the selected slope; detecting a misaligned state of the planar light region using a detector after the planar light region moves to the selected alignment; automatically rotationally repositioning the planar light region about a vertical axis after detecting the misaligned state; detecting a return of the planar light region to the selected alignment; and automatically ceasing the rotational repositioning after detecting the return of the planar light region to the selected alignment.
 21. The method of claim 20 wherein: emitting the planar light region includes emitting the planar light region using a first light emitter of the light-emitting device; emitting the intersecting planar light region includes emitting the intersecting planar light region using a second light emitter of the light-emitting device, the first and second light emitters being operably connected to a base of a housing of the light-emitting device; and the method further comprises automatically leveling the first and second light emitters.
 22. The method of claim 16 wherein adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam includes adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field overlapping the planar light region.
 23. The method of claim 16 wherein adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam includes adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field circumferentially offset relative to the planar light region by a non-zero fixed angle within a horizontal plane.
 24. The method of claim 17, further comprising emitting a plummet light beam using a third light emitter of the light-emitting device, the plummet light beam having a vertical orientation.
 25. The method of claim 17 wherein adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam includes adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field extending from an uppermost radial direction away from the base to a lowermost radial direction away from the base, the uppermost radial direction having an angle within a range from about 10 degrees to about 90 degrees off a horizontal plane, the lowermost radial direction having an angle within a range from about −5 degrees to about −90 degrees off the horizontal plane.
 26. The method of claim 17 wherein: adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam includes adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field at least partially overlapping a first vertical arc area extending from a first horizontal direction away from the base to an upward vertical direction away from the base; and emitting the planar light region includes emitting the planar light region such that the planar light region at least partially overlaps a second vertical arc area extending from a second horizontal direction away from the base to the upward vertical direction, the second horizontal direction being opposite to the first horizontal direction.
 27. The method of claim 18 wherein adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam includes adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field overlapping the vertical scanning field.
 28. The method of claim 18 wherein adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam includes adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field circumferentially offset relative to the vertical scanning field by a non-zero fixed angle within a horizontal plane.
 29. The method of claim 19, further comprising emitting a plummet light beam using a third light emitter of the light-emitting device, the plummet light beam having a vertical orientation.
 30. The method of claim 19 wherein adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam includes adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field extending from an uppermost radial direction away from the base to a lowermost radial direction away from the base, the uppermost radial direction having an angle within a range from about 10 degrees to about 90 degrees off a horizontal plane, the lowermost radial direction having an angle within a range from about −5 degrees to about −90 degrees off the horizontal plane.
 31. The method of claim 19 wherein: adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam includes adjusting the slope of the indicator light beam within a vertical adjustment field at least partially overlapping a first vertical arc area extending from a first horizontal direction away from the base to an upward vertical direction away from the base; and emitting the vertical scanning field includes emitting the vertical scanning field such that the vertical scanning field at least partially overlaps a second vertical arc area extending from a second horizontal direction away from the base to the upward vertical direction, the second horizontal direction being opposite to the first horizontal direction.
 32. The method of claim 21, further comprising emitting a plummet light beam using a third light emitter of the light-emitting device, the plummet light beam having a vertical orientation.
 33. The method of claim 21 wherein adjusting the slope of the intersecting planar light region includes adjusting the slope of the intersecting planar light region within a range from an uppermost radial direction away from the base to a lowermost radial direction away from the base, the uppermost radial direction having an angle within a range from about 10 degrees to about 90 degrees off a horizontal plane, the lowermost radial direction having an angle within a range from about −5 degrees to about −90 degrees off the horizontal plane. 